Synopsis

Coin Flip Decides Material’s Fate

Physics 13, s81
Stretching fibers until they fail reveals a correspondence between material strength and a 300-year-old math puzzle involving coin flips.
J. Fontana and R. Gates/US Naval Research Laboratory

Materials typically contain lots of small imperfections, but it’s the rare, large defects that cause a material to fail. A new study looks at failure in stretched fibers, finding that the force needed to break a fiber decreases as the fiber’s length increases. The exact relationship mirrors the St. Petersburg paradox—a famous mathematical problem dealing with coin tosses.

First considered by the Swiss mathematician Nicolaus Bernoulli in 1713, the St. Petersburg paradox concerns a betting game in which a player flips a coin until a heads appears. One flip wins $2, two flips wins $4, n flips wins $ 2n. It seems like a good game to bet on, as, mathematically, the average payout is infinite. The paradox is that the winnings are typically small. The reason can be understood by calculating how likely it is that a big payout (a long streak without heads) occurs in N flips. This probability scales logarithmically with N—meaning you have to play a lot to win big.

A similar game may happen inside materials, say Jake Fontana from the US Naval Research Laboratory and Peter Palffy-Muhoray from Kent State University, Ohio. They applied loads to nylon fibers of various lengths from 1 mm to 1 km. The shortest fibers resisted the largest loads, with the strength decreasing logarithmically as the fibers got longer. This behavior is described by a model in which a “coin toss” decides whether a segment of fiber hosts an imperfection or not. A large defect—corresponding to a “streak” of imperfections in adjacent segments—is more likely in long fibers than short.

This research is published in Physical Review Letters.

–Michael Schirber

Michael Schirber is a Corresponding Editor for Physics Magazine based in Lyon, France.


Subject Areas

Materials Science

Related Articles

Taking the Temperature of Earth’s Core
Geophysics

Taking the Temperature of Earth’s Core

By measuring the melting temperature of iron under high transient pressure, researchers set a limit on the temperature at the boundary between the inner and outer cores. Read More »

The Puzzle of Radiation-Resistant Alloys
Condensed Matter Physics

The Puzzle of Radiation-Resistant Alloys

Atomic simulations deepen the mystery of how engineered materials known as refractory high-entropy alloys can suffer so little damage by radiation. Read More »

Predicting the Behavior of Knitted Fabrics
Metamaterials

Predicting the Behavior of Knitted Fabrics

A simplified model of how yarns interact shows that a piece of knitted fabric can have many stable resting states depending on its history of deformation. Read More »

More Articles