Anne-Florence Bitbol is an assistant professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland, where she leads the Laboratory of Computational Biology and Theoretical Biophysics. She studies optimization and historical contingency in biological systems, from the molecular scale to the population scale. Her group uses physical and mathematical modeling, as well as statistical inference and machine learning. Her current interests include coevolution in protein sequences and the evolution of spatially structured microbial populations. She studied physics in France at the École Normale Supérieure in Lyon and at Paris Cité University before becoming a Human Frontier Science Program postdoctoral fellow at Princeton University and then an independent CNRS researcher at Sorbonne University, France.